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Hypospadias is a condition where the urethra does not reach the head of the penis. 

Spina bifida and bladder exstrophy are incomplete closures of the backbone and bladder, respectively. 

Advanced heart failure (also referred to as end-stage heart failure) is a type of heart failure in the final, most serious stage. Heart failure is a progressive condition that worsens over time, with the heart gradually pumping less and less blood, so symptoms will generally become more severe as the condition moves into this advanced stage. 

Aortoiliac occlusive disease occurs when the iliac artery in the legs becomes narrowed or blocked by plaque. 

Arm artery disease occurs when an artery between the chest and the hand becomes blocked. 

An arteriovenous fistula occurs when blood flows between an artery and a vein, bypassing the capillaries.

Asherman’s syndrome refers to the presence of scar tissue in the uterus or cervix and is also known as intrauterine adhesions.

Atherosclerosis is a buildup of plaque that causes arteries to thicken, harden and narrow, and ultimately impedes blood flow.